Lull's Book of Propositions

bullet1 4 - The Practice of this Art
bullet2 2 - Questions

bullet3 1 - Figure T

T. is divided into five triangles, and each angle contains four principles, and thus there are eight questions for each angle, or two questions for each of the four principles; this gives twenty-four questions for each triangle of T, and twenty-four times five gives a total of one hundred and twenty questions for figure T.

Now let us deal in sequence with the questions of T., following the sequence of the principles. And as God is the first and most noble principle of T., the questions regarding God come first.

To solve each pair of questions, we refer to the propositions of the cameras and match them together, by forming the first three cameras in the three outer circles, and the two following cameras in the two inner circles that revolve in the middle, and by forming the solutions to the questions in accordance with all the cameras of the common figure. This rule applies to this Art in general, and never fails.


A. God


God

Question 1: Does God exist?

Question 2: What is God?

Solution: [God, creature, end.][Fire, fire.]


Unity

Question 3: Is there one God?

Question 4: Is one God enough?

Solution: [God, operation, end.][Fire, fire]


Essence

Question 5: Is the divine essence God?

Question 6: Is the divine essence infinite?

Solution: [God, majority, affirmation.]


Dignities

Question 7: Are there any dignities in God?

Question 8: Does each dignity exist in itself?

Solution: [God, operation, end.]


B. Creature


Creature

Question 1: Is the world a creature?

Question 2: Can God create infinite worlds?

Solution: [Creature, operation, end.]


Intellectual

Question 3: Can a creature create anything?

Question 4: Were creatures created as an end in themselves, or for another purpose?

Solution: [Creature, God, end.]


Sensual

Question 5: Is sensual creation infinite?

Question 6: Were the powers of the soul created in equal quantity?

Solution: [Creature, God, operation.]


Animal

Question 7: Was man created for this world?

Question 8: Is everything in man a creature?

Solution: [Creature, end, majority.]


C. Operation


Question 1: Is God's operation infinite?

Question 2: Can God's operation proceed with infinite and eternal velocity?

Solution: [Operation, God, end.][Fire, earth.]


Question 3: Can the intellect produce another substantial being from its own essence?

Question 4: Are intellectual operations as difficult as sensual ones?

Solution: [Operation, God, majority.][Fire, water.]


Question 5: Are all particular natural operations subject to one universal natural operation?

Question 6: Can a greater operation proceed from natural and artificial operations together than from either a natural or an artificial operation alone?

Solution: [Operation, God, majority.][Fire, air.]


Question 7: Is artificial operation more concordant with figure than with form?

Question 8: Is an operation done with likenesses greater than an operation done with unlikenesses?

Solution: [Operation, God, end.][Fire, fire.]


D. Difference


Difference

Question 1: Is difference really a power?

Question 2: Is there any difference without contrariety?

Solution: [Difference, concordance, contrariety.]


Question 3: Is there any difference between one substance and another?

Question 4: Is universal difference active or passive?

Solution: [Difference, beginning, middle.][Fire, fire.]


Question 5: Is the difference between the intellect and the senses greater than the difference between the senses and the vegetative power?

Question 6: Is difference as great through contrariety as through concordance?

Solution: [Difference, majority, contrariety.]


Question 7: Is there difference in form?

Question 8: Can difference be sensed, imagined, or understood?

Solution: [Difference, operation, end.][fire, fire.]


E. Concordance


Question 1: Can there be any concordance without difference?

Question 2: Is there a concordance without any contrariety?

Solution: [Concordance, majority, equality.]


Question 3: Is there greater concordance among essential parts than among integral parts?

Question 4: Is concordance incorruptible?

Solution: [Concordance, God, difference.]


Question 5: Is the concordance between the soul and the body active, or passive?

Question 6: Is the particular concordance between the soul and the body subject to the universal concordance of natural reality?

Solution: [Concordance, difference, end][Air, air.]


Question 7: Is concordance found in essence prior to being in the acts of essence?

Question 8: Is the concordance between the power of intellect and the power of will subject to the universal concordance that exists in the reality of spiritual nature?

Solution: [Concordance, creature, operation.]


F. Contrariety


Question 1: Is contrariety really a universal being?

Question 2: Does all contrariety agree with non-being?

Solution: [Contrariety, beginning, end.]


Question 3: Is natural contrariety found in the subtle body before being in the gross body?

Question 4: Is contrariety desirable in itself?

Solution: [Contrariety, concordance, end.][Water, water.]


Question 5: Does the rational soul contradict the body naturally, or accidentally?

Question 6: Is the contrariety between the soul and the body a creature?

Solution: [Contrariety, difference, concordance.]


Question 7: Is there any contrariety in the essence of angels?

Question 8: Do demons oppose the powers of the soul, or the acts of these powers?

Solution: [Contrariety, operation, end.][Fire, fire.]


G. Beginning


Question 1: Is there a beginning without motion?

Question 2: Does any beginning exist in itself without any effect?

Solution: [Beginning, God, end.]


Question 3: Can anything be begun without time?

Question 4: Does particular time, as an entity, have a universal beginning?

Solution: [Beginning, concordance, end.][Fire,fire.]


Question 5: Is universal quantity the beginning of all quantities?

Question 6: Does anything begin without quantity?

Solution: [Beginning, God, end.]


Question 7: Can the end, as well as what is begun, also be the beginning ?

Question 8: Does every principle of form need matter?

Solution: [Beginning, affirmation, negation]


H. Middle


Question 1: Is there a medium between essence and being, and is there a medium between being and non-being?

Question 2: Can a medium exist in itself, and can a substantial being be a medium?

Solution: [Middle, beginning, end.]


Question 3: Is species a medium existing between the soul and the body?

Question 4: Does a particular medium have a universal medium in natural reality?

Solution: [Middle, concordance, majority.]


Question 5: Is there any difference between conjunction and middle?

Question 6: Is every medium closer to the end than to the beginning?

Solution: [Medium, difference, concordance.]


Question 7: Is there equality of media in transmutation?

Question 8: Is evil a medium between one good thing and another?

Solution: [Middle, God, end.]


I. End


Question 1: Is the intention of nature a universal and real end?

Question 2: Does the end exist in itself before existing in the beginning?

Solution: [End, God, operation.][Fire, fire.]


Question 3: Is there any end that is infinite?

Question 4: Can an end exist without any operation?

Solution: [End, God, operation.]


Question 5: Is man the end of body and soul?

Question 6: Is every created end greater in God, than in itself?

Solution: [End, God, beginning.]


Question 7: Is the resurrection meant for man?

Question 8: Does the operation of nature have an end?

Solution: [End, God, majority.]


K. Majority


Question 1: Is there any majority in God?

Question 2: Is operation greater in majority than in equality?

Solution: [Majority, God, equality.]


Question 3: Is majority a universal form in universal substance?

Question 4: Is substance greater through form than through matter?

Solution: [Majority, God, minority]


Question 5: Does majority consist in one universal and natural substance from which descend all particular substances that have majority?

Question 6: Are there universal accidents in the majority of universal substance from which all particular natural accidents descend into majority?

Solution: [Majority, beginning, end.]


Question 7: Does majority of substance arise from matter and form?

Question 8: Is the majority of substance a part of the entity of substance?

Solution: [Majority, equality, minority.]


L. Equality


Question 1: As diverse essences produce one being, do they produce equality in that being?

Question 2: Is equality a part of the entity of substance?

Solution: [Equality, majority, minority.]


Question 3: Does equality exist in nature before inequality does?

Question 4: Is there more equality than inequality?

Solution: [Equality, beginning, end.]


Question 5: Does quantity arise from equal essential parts that constitute substance?

Question 6: Is equality a real universal in natural reality?

Solution: [Equality, operation, end.]


Question 7: Can there be any equality without operation?

Question 8: Can equality be greater in concordance than in contrariety?

Solution: [Equality, operation, end.]


M. Minority


Question 1: Is all minority created?

Question 2: Is minority greater in majority than in itself?

Solution: [Minority, creature, majority.]


Question 3: Is there greater minority between the soul and the body, than between one body and another?

Question 4: Is there greater minority in the soul than in the body?

Solution: [Minority, majority, concordance.]


Question 5: Is minority greater in substance than in accidents?

Question 6: Is minority greater in the universal than in particulars?

Solution: [Minority, beginning, end.]


Question 7: Is minority greater in quality than in quantity?

Question 8: Is minority greater in a mathematical point, than in a sin?

Solution: [Minority, creature, end.]


N. Affirmation


Question 1: Can the will approach its end more promptly through affirmation than through negation?

Question 2: Is the beginning as great in negation as it is in affirmation?

Solution: [Affirmation, God, majority.]


Question 3: Is there greater possibility in affirmation than in negation?

Question 4: Why does affirmation absolutely agree with being and negation with non-being?

Solution: [Affirmation, beginning, majority.]


Question 5: Does truth stand further from falsehood through affirmation than through negation?

Question 6: Is there as much impossibility in affirmation as there is in negation?

Solution: [Affirmation, God, equality.]


Question 7: Are there more things to be affirmed, than to be negated?

Question 8: Does free will stand equally between affirmation and negation?

Solution: [Affirmation, equality, medium.]


O. Doubt


Question 1: Does doubt stand equally between affirmation and negation?

Question 2: Is doubt a natural act?

Solution: [Doubt, affirmation, negation.]


Question 3: Is doubt a habit of the power of intellect before being a habit of the power of will?

Question 4: Is doubt an excuse for man to sin?

Solution: [Doubt, end, equality.]


Question 5: Is the purpose of doubt in supposition, or in demonstration?

Question 6: Does doubt come through impossibility before possibility?

Solution: [Doubt, God, operation.]


Question 7: Does doubting involve more action than passion?

Question 8: Is it legitimate to have doubts?

Solution: [Doubt, contrariety, end.]


P. Negation


Question 1: Must unreasonable things be negated to the same extent that reasonable things must be affirmed?

Question 2: Does negation agree better with being than with non-being?

Solution: [Negation, God, contrariety.]


Question 3: Can negation be disparaged to the same extent as affirmation?

Question 4: Does negation agree better with sadness than with joy?

Solution: [Negation, God, end.]


Question 5: Is negation free from passion?

Question 6: Does negation agree better with unwillingness than with willingness?

Solution: [Negation, God, affirmation.]


Question 7: Is negation greater in contrariety than in concordance?

Question 8: Is the end of negation in concordance, or in contrariety?

Solution: [Negation, God, end.]